Biology
Pie Chart of an Ecological Trophic Pyramid
Last reviewed on 2026-05-22.
Biology — verifiable data, editable template
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Energy decreases dramatically up the food chain. Producers (plants) capture ~100% of available solar energy; only about 10% transfers to each next trophic level — the '10% rule' of ecology.
The data
- Producers — 100 % energy
- Primary consumers — 10 % energy
- Secondary consumers — 1 % energy
- Tertiary consumers — 0.1 % energy
- Apex predators — 0.01 % energy
Source
Standard ecology references (Raymond Lindeman's trophic dynamics).
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